Konkeisibani somsebenzi oshajwa kabusha, isibani esiphathwayo sokukhempafuthiI-multifunctional headlampsebenzisa uhlobo lwesibani se-LED. Ukuze uqonde isimiso se-diode led, okokuqala ukuqonda ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwama-semiconductors. Izakhiwo zokuqhuba zezinto ze-semiconductor ziphakathi kwama-conductor nama-insulators. Izici zayo eziyingqayizivele yilezi: lapho i-semiconductor ikhuthazwa ukukhanya kwangaphandle nezimo zokushisa, ikhono layo lokuqhuba lizoshintsha kakhulu; Ukwengeza amanani amancane okungcola ku-semiconductor ehlanzekile kukhulisa kakhulu amandla ayo okuqhuba ugesi. I-Silicon (Si) kanye ne-germanium (Ge) ama-semiconductors asetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-electronics wesimanje, futhi ama-electron awo angaphandle amane. Lapho i-silicon noma ama-athomu e-germanium akha ikristalu, ama-athomu angomakhelwane ayasebenzisana, ukuze ama-electron angaphandle abelane ngama-athomu amabili, akha isakhiwo sesibopho esihlangene kukristalu, okuyisakhiwo samangqamuzana esinamandla amancane okubamba. Ezingeni lokushisa lasekamelweni (300K), ukuvuthwa okushisayo kuzokwenza amanye ama-electron angaphandle athole amandla anele ukuze ahlukane nesibopho esiqinile futhi abe ama-electron amahhala, le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-intrinsic excitation. Ngemuva kokuthi i-electron ingaboshiwe ukuze ibe i-electron yamahhala, isikhala sishiywe kusibopho esivumelanayo. Lesi sikhala sibizwa ngembobo. Ukubonakala komgodi kuyisici esibalulekile esihlukanisa i-semiconductor kumqhubi.
Uma inani elincane lokungcola kwe-pentavalent njenge-phosphorus yengezwa ku-semiconductor yangaphakathi, izoba ne-electron eyengeziwe ngemva kokwenza isibopho esivumelanayo namanye ama-athomu e-semiconductor. Le electron eyengeziwe idinga kuphela amandla amancane kakhulu ukuze isuse isibopho futhi ibe i-electron yamahhala. Lolu hlobo lwe-semiconductor yokungcola lubizwa nge-electronic semiconductor (N-type semiconductor). Kodwa-ke, ukwengeza inani elincane lokungcola okuyingxenye ye-trivalent (okufana ne-boron, njll.) ku-semiconductor yangaphakathi, ngoba inama-electron amathathu kuphela ungqimba olungaphandle, ngemva kokwenza isibopho esihlangene nama-athomu azungezile we-semiconductor, kuzodala isikhala. kukristalu. Lolu hlobo lwe-semiconductor yokungcola lubizwa nge-hole semiconductor (P-type semiconductor). Uma ama-semiconductors ohlobo lwe-N kanye nohlobo lwe-P ehlanganiswa, kunomehluko ekugxilweni kwama-electron amahhala nezimbobo lapho kuhlangana khona. Kokubili ama-electron nezimbobo kusakazwe ekugxiliseni okuphansi, okushiya ama-ion ashajiwe kodwa anganyakazi acekela phansi ukungathathi hlangothi kwangempela kukagesi kwezifunda zohlobo lwe-N nohlobo lwe-P. Lezi zinhlayiya ezishajwayo ezinganyakazi zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-space charges, futhi zigxile eduze kwesixhumi esibonakalayo sesifunda esingu-N no-P ukuze zakhe isifunda esincane kakhulu sokushajwa kwesikhala, esikwaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlangana kwe-PN.
Lapho i-voltage yokuchema eya phambili isetshenziswa kuzo zombili iziphetho ze-PN junction (i-voltage eqondile ohlangothini olulodwa lohlobo lwe-P), izimbobo nama-electron amahhala azungezana, enze inkambu kagesi yangaphakathi. Izimbobo ezisanda kufakwa zibe sezihlangana kabusha nama-electron amahhala, ngezinye izikhathi zikhipha amandla engeziwe ngendlela yama-photons, okuwukukhanya esikubona kukhishwa ama-led. I-spectrum enjalo incane kakhulu, futhi njengoba impahla ngayinye inegebe elihlukile lebhande, ubude be-wavelength bama-photons akhishiwe buhlukile, ngakho imibala yama-led inqunywa izinto eziyisisekelo ezisetshenziswayo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-12-2023